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The model was designed to implement strategy from the top and move men and materiel efficiently. It assumed that leaders had better understanding than those on the lower rungs. Managers made plans and foot soldiers carried them out.
As a female scientist in my early fifties, I’ve lived with this question my entire adult life. In the early 1980s, I was on the forefront of a movement of women into science and leadership and I naively assumed that equity of representation and pay would soon follow. The numbers, however, tell a very different story.